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Achillea millefolium

Traditionally used for: Minor cuts and grazes; Poor appetite and mild indigestion; Period cramps; Colds, as a hot tea.

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What is Achillea millefolium? Yarrow is a common wild herb used in European folk medicine for wounds, fevers and upset stomachs. The plant has feathery leaves and flat heads of small white or pink flowers. The dried leaves and flowering tops are the parts used. Human evidence is thin. Most of what is known comes from lab and animal work, plus a few small trials. Long use in tradition is not proof that it works, and it is not proof that it is safe. Yarrow belongs to the daisy family. If ragweed, daisies, marigold or chamomile give you a rash or hay fever, yarrow may do the same. It is sold as a tea, a tincture, a capsule and a skin cream. There is also a strong essential oil, which is for the skin and the air, never for swallowing. How does Achillea millefolium work? No one has shown clearly how yarrow acts in the human body. The ideas below come mostly from test tubes and animals. In lab tests, extracts of yarrow slow some signals linked to swelling and pain. In animal studies, they have eased gut cramping and reduced inflammation in the skin. In test tubes, yarrow extracts slow the growth of some bacteria and fungi. Whether that matters on a real wound is not established. Older animal work suggested a compound in yarrow may shorten the time blood takes to clot. This has not been confirmed in people. Oddly, the same herb is also flagged as a possible bleeding risk, which shows how unsettled the picture is. The bitter taste may prompt the stomach to make more juice and ease appetite. That is a traditional idea for bitter herbs, not a proven effect of yarrow. What forms does Achillea millefolium come in? Yarrow is sold in several forms, and they are not equal in strength. - Dried herb for tea, loose or in bags. - Tincture, a liquid extract in alcohol. - Capsules and tablets of powdered herb. - Creams, salves and compresses for the skin. - Essential oil, for scent or diluted skin use only. - Fresh leaf, pressed on small cuts in folk use. The essential oil is far stronger than tea. Do not swallow it. Where it comes from: Yarrow has one of the longest records of any European herb. The name Achillea points to Achilles, who was said in Greek legend to treat soldiers' wounds with it. Folk names such as soldier's woundwort and nosebleed plant show the main old use. Herbalists packed the crushed leaf into cuts and nosebleeds. In European household medicine it was also brewed as a hot tea for fevers and colds, often with elderflower and peppermint. Bitter yarrow tonics were taken for poor appetite and gut cramps. In China, the dried stalks were used to cast the I Ching, a divination text. That use is cultural, not medical. These are historical practices, recorded here as history rather than as advice.

Helps

What does Achillea millefolium help with? Minor cuts and grazes (traditional topical use): This is the oldest use, and the human evidence is still weak. Folk healers pressed crushed fresh leaf onto small wounds to stop bleeding. In animal studies, yarrow extracts sped up wound closure. A few small trials of yarrow ointment on wounds after childbirth reported less pain. These trials were small and have not been repeated widely. A deep, dirty or heavily bleeding wound needs medical care, not a herb. Nosebleeds (traditional topical use): Tradition points both ways here, which should make you cautious. Some old sources used yarrow to stop a nosebleed. Others said sniffing it would start one. There are no good human trials either way. Pinching the nose and leaning forward is the method with real support. Poor appetite and mild indigestion: This is the use with the firmest official standing, though the proof is still mostly traditional. German herbal authorities approved bitter yarrow preparations for loss of appetite and mild stomach cramps. That approval rested on long use and plausible bitter action, not on large trials. Animal work shows yarrow extracts can relax gut muscle. Ongoing stomach pain, weight loss or appetite loss needs a doctor's opinion first. Period cramps: Traditional use is strong here, and human evidence is very limited. European and Middle Eastern folk medicine used yarrow tea for painful or heavy periods. A small number of trials have looked at yarrow for period pain, with mixed and modest results. The studies were small and short. Yarrow was also used to bring on a late period. For that reason it is not for use in pregnancy. Colds and fever, as a hot tea: A hot yarrow tea was a standard home remedy for the first day of a cold. It was thought to bring on a sweat and break a fever. No trial has shown that yarrow shortens a cold or lowers fever. Warm fluids themselves can ease a sore throat and blocked nose. A high fever that lasts, or one in a baby, needs medical care. Mild skin irritation: Yarrow creams are sold for red or irritated skin, with little human testing. Lab and animal work shows anti-inflammatory activity from yarrow extracts. A few small cosmetic studies reported smoother skin. These were short and often funded by makers. Ironically, yarrow is itself a known cause of skin allergy in some people.

Achillea millefolium

Quick Facts

  • What it is: A wild European daisy-family herb used in folk medicine for wounds, fevers and stomach upsets.
  • Main uses: Minor cuts and grazes, Poor appetite and mild indigestion, Period cramps, Colds, as a hot tea
  • Active ingredients: Volatile oil with chamazulene and camphor, Thujone, in small amounts, Flavonoids such as apigenin and luteolin, Sesquiterpene lactones such as achillin, Tannins, Achilleine
  • Forms: Dried herb tea, Tincture, Capsules, Skin cream or salve, Essential oil for external use
  • Time to effect: Within an hour for a bitter tea, if at all; days for skin use.
  • Side effects: Skin rash and daisy-family allergy are the main problems; sun sensitivity and stomach upset also occur.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding: Avoid: traditionally used to stimulate the womb.

Educational information, not medical advice — ask your doctor or midwife.

What is Achillea millefolium?

Yarrow is a common wild herb used in European folk medicine for wounds, fevers and upset stomachs. The plant has feathery leaves and flat heads of small white or pink flowers. The dried leaves and flowering tops are the parts used.

Human evidence is thin. Most of what is known comes from lab and animal work, plus a few small trials. Long use in tradition is not proof that it works, and it is not proof that it is safe.

Yarrow belongs to the daisy family. If ragweed, daisies, marigold or chamomile give you a rash or hay fever, yarrow may do the same.

It is sold as a tea, a tincture, a capsule and a skin cream. There is also a strong essential oil, which is for the skin and the air, never for swallowing.

How does Achillea millefolium work?

No one has shown clearly how yarrow acts in the human body. The ideas below come mostly from test tubes and animals.

In lab tests, extracts of yarrow slow some signals linked to swelling and pain. In animal studies, they have eased gut cramping and reduced inflammation in the skin.

In test tubes, yarrow extracts slow the growth of some bacteria and fungi. Whether that matters on a real wound is not established.

Older animal work suggested a compound in yarrow may shorten the time blood takes to clot. This has not been confirmed in people. Oddly, the same herb is also flagged as a possible bleeding risk, which shows how unsettled the picture is.

The bitter taste may prompt the stomach to make more juice and ease appetite. That is a traditional idea for bitter herbs, not a proven effect of yarrow.

What forms does Achillea millefolium come in?

Yarrow is sold in several forms, and they are not equal in strength.

- Dried herb for tea, loose or in bags. - Tincture, a liquid extract in alcohol. - Capsules and tablets of powdered herb.

- Creams, salves and compresses for the skin. - Essential oil, for scent or diluted skin use only. - Fresh leaf, pressed on small cuts in folk use.

The essential oil is far stronger than tea. Do not swallow it.

Where it comes from:

Yarrow has one of the longest records of any European herb. The name Achillea points to Achilles, who was said in Greek legend to treat soldiers' wounds with it.

Folk names such as soldier's woundwort and nosebleed plant show the main old use. Herbalists packed the crushed leaf into cuts and nosebleeds.

In European household medicine it was also brewed as a hot tea for fevers and colds, often with elderflower and peppermint. Bitter yarrow tonics were taken for poor appetite and gut cramps.

In China, the dried stalks were used to cast the I Ching, a divination text. That use is cultural, not medical.

These are historical practices, recorded here as history rather than as advice.

Who should avoid Achillea millefolium?

  • Do not use yarrow if you are pregnant. It was used in tradition to bring on a period and may act on the womb.
  • Avoid yarrow if you are breastfeeding, as its safety for the baby is unknown.
  • Do not use yarrow if you are allergic to daisies, ragweed, chamomile or marigold.
  • Never swallow yarrow essential oil. It is far too strong and holds thujone, a nerve toxin.
  • Do not give yarrow to babies or young children.
  • Avoid yarrow if you have epilepsy or any seizure disorder.
  • Do not start yarrow if you take a blood thinner (anticoagulant or antiplatelet drug) such as warfarin, clopidogrel or daily aspirin, unless your doctor agrees.
  • Stop yarrow at least two weeks before any planned surgery, because of possible effects on bleeding.
  • Avoid yarrow if you take lithium, unless your prescriber has approved it.
  • Do not rely on yarrow for a deep, dirty or heavily bleeding wound. Get medical care.

When should you see a doctor?

Stop yarrow and get emergency help at once if you have swelling of the lips, face, tongue or throat, trouble breathing, or a spreading hives rash. These signs point to a serious allergy.

Stop and see a doctor soon if you get a skin rash, yellow skin or eyes, unusual bruising or bleeding, or if you feel very drowsy.

See a doctor rather than continuing the herb if your stomach pain, heavy periods, nosebleeds or fever last more than a few days or keep coming back. Any wound that is hot, swollen or oozing needs to be checked.

Is Achillea millefolium legal where you live?

In the United States, yarrow is sold as a dietary supplement and is not reviewed for effect before sale. In the UK and the EU it is sold as a food, a cosmetic or a traditional herbal product. German herbal authorities approved bitter yarrow preparations for poor appetite and mild gut cramps on traditional grounds. European food law limits thujone in drinks flavoured with the plant.

Evidence grades and traditional-use labels are explained in our methodology. Nothing here is medical advice.

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